Enhancing Innovation in Livestock Value Chains through Networks: Lessons from Fodder Innovation Case Studies in Developing Countries
نویسندگان
چکیده
Introduction In developing countries, livestock can be an important pathway out of poverty (FAO 2009; McDermott et al. 2010a; Rich et al. 2011). Over one billion people depend on livestock, which provide power and manure for crop production, contribute to food and nutritional security, and are a form of savings for many poor people. Livestock also make major contributions to the agricultural GDP, export earnings, and employment. According to the “livestock revolution” thesis (Delgado et al. 1999; McDermott et al. 2010a), the sector is driven primarily by rising incomes and urbanization in developing countries like China and India, where demand for products such as meat and milk has been soaring. However, livestock are also responsible for adverse impacts on land, water, biodiversity, and climate change (Steinfeld et al. 2006; FAO 2009). Despite the conflicting paradigms, many, including McDermott et al. (2006), argue that, given appropriate policies to address social and environmental effects, livestock provide opportunities for millions dependent on them. There are, however, challenges to enhancing market success for livestockdependent people, including fodder1 scarcity and weak farm-to-market links (McDermott et al. 2010b; IFAD 2006). The micro evidence we generated from Ethiopia, Syria, and Vietnam shows that fodder scarcity is severe. For example, in Syria during the dry season (December to February) many farmers face 50–60 percent fodder shortfalls (Larbi, Hassan, and Abdullah 2010). Fodder shortages reduce productivity and production and, as we noted in Ethiopia, may also damage community relations by provoking conflict over
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